The human tlymphotropic viruses htlv types i and ii are retroviruses that have infected approximately 20 million people worldwide 1,2. The complete nucleotide sequence of two human tcell leukaemia type iii htlv iii proviral dnas each have four long open reading frames, the first two corresponding to. Specimens should be free of microbial contamination and may be. Epidemiological aspects and world distribution of htlv1. Use clean pipettes andor metalfree containers such. The risk of htlv 1 transmission in the eu is estimated to be small due to the low prevalence of htlv 1 infection in the blood donor population. This il2dependent htlv1infected cell line retains a nonsense.
Accumulating evidence indicates that a high proviral load is one of the risk factors for the development of adult tcell leukemialymphoma and htlv 1associated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis. Human tlymphotropic virus htlv infection is associated with certain rare diseases of t. The cause of hairy cell leukemia is not known, but it is no longer believed to be related to viral infections. Estimates of the number of htlv 1 infected carriers, based on approximately 1. Htlv1 and htlv2 can be transmitted sexually, by blood to blood contact e. Innolia htlv iii score line immunoassay for the confirmation. Htlv type i and type ii nord national organization for. Therefore, it is likely that among healthy blood donors infection with htlviii is more. Its structure consists of two identical strands of 9032nucleotide viral rna, an inner protein core, an outer lipid bilayer derived from host cell membrane and a transmembrane protein which binds to the outer envelope glycoprotein. Immunoassay for the in vitro qualitative determination of antibodies to htlviii in human serum and plasma. These findings suggest the need for control of sexually transmitted diseases and targeted educational programs for prevention of hiv1 and htlv i among individuals with highrisk behaviors in the dominican republic. Diseases noncancer, prevention, and treatment most htlv 1infected individuals are lifelong symptomless carriers cook et al. Adobe acrobat reader dc download free pdf viewer for.
Accordingly, a cohort of individuals among whom the prevalence of htlv infection was known to be high, i. Htlv ii can be transmitted by transfusion of cellular blood products whole blood, red blood cells, and platelets 31,32. The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, derived from extracts of nerium oleander, has previously been shown to reduce the levels of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein on human immunodeficiency virus type1 hiv1 particles and inhibit hiv1 infectivity in. Human tlymphotropic virus htlv htlv elisa kit abin997034. Screening blood doners, promoting safe sex and discouraging needle sharing can decrease the number of new infections. Guidelines for counseling persons infected with human t. Human tlymphotropic viruses type i and type ii htlviii fda. Hiv1 and htlvi in sexually transmitted disease clinics. Htlv 1 is a cellassociated virus and is rarely detected in cell free fluids. Cells rather than free virions in the breast milk are responsible for the htlvi transmission23.
Geographical distribution of areas with a high prevalence. The infection occurs predominantly in africa, south america, the caribbean and southeast japan, with. Geographical distribution of the main foci of htlv 1 infection. This assay is also indicated as a donor screening test for the detection of antibodies to human tlymphotropic virus type i. Ultrasensitive fluorescent detection of htlvii dna based. Its the only pdf viewer that can open and interact with all types of pdf content, including. Htlvi infection may be associated with systemic symptoms such as pulmonary alveolitis, inflammation of the eye uveitis, joints arthritis and thyroid. In these studies no case of htlvii infection was detected15, 17. Sicca syndrome, which is characterized by dryness of eye and mouth, is frequently observed. Highly active antiretroviral treatment against stlv1 infection combining reverse transcriptase and hdac inhibitors. The virus can be transmitted by blood or intimate sexual. When the virus enters the body, it preferentially infects tcell lymphocytes.
Prevalence and clinical features of htlv neurologic. The vast majority of htlv iinfected individuals remain asymptomatic throughout life, and the factors that determine the outcome of htlv iassociated diseases are still unclear. The virus is transmitted through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles or syringes and from mother to child, mainly through breastfeeding 2,3. Standardization of quantitative pcr for human tcell. Cells were infected with 200 ngml hiv1 iiib or bal simultaneously with htlv 1 or 1 day after htlv 1 exposure. Respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and.
Sharing needles and syringes by idus is another important source of parenteral transmission of htlv1 2 31, 32. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity performance of. Quantitative pcr qpcr analysis of human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1 was used to assess the amount of htlv 1 provirus dna integrated into the genomic dna of host blood cells. Htlv2 was identified in a second patient with a t cell lymphoproliferative disease. This assay is indicated as a screening test and as an aid in the diagnosis of htlvi or htlvii infection.
Pdf the botanical glycoside oleandrin inhibits human t. Reexamination of human t cell lymphotropic virus htlviii pnas. Htlv 1 is also present in southern africa, southern india, northern iran, the aboriginal populations of northern australia, and many islands in the tropics. Two novel viruses, human tcell lymphotropic virus type 3 htlv 3 and human tcell lymphotropic virus type 4 htlv 4, have recently been. Conversely, if the lifetime risk of developing htlv i associated myelopathy is 0. Htlv 1 and htlv 2 were the first retroviruses to be identified in humans 1, 2. Htlviii associated disease in england and wales, 19937. The virus can be transmitted from mother to child via breastfeeding, through hetero or homosexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles, or via contaminated blood products. Htlv i infection is endemic in regions of japan, subsaharan africa, latin america, melanesia and australia. Dna after infection of cellfree htlvi produced by cat or human cells were.
The investigation of htlv 1 2 infection among the arawete and asurini indian tribes over a followup of 36 years reinforces that social and cultural isolation of the villages, motivated by historical conflicts, kept them free of infection from other neighboring tribes where htlv 2. The human t lymphotropic virus type1 htlv 1 was the first human retrovirus identified 1. Mothertochild transmission can be reduced by screening pregnant women so infected mothers can avoid breastfeeding. The bodys immune system responds by producing antibodies that target the virus. They appear to be most prevalent among iv drug users and persons who have multiple sex partners, genital ulcers, or a history of syphilis. Herein, an ultrasensitive fluorescent htlv ii dna detection strategy was developed for the first time based on magnetic nanoparticles mnps and atom transfer radical polymerization atrp amplification. Virus type ii htlvii in human serum, plasma, and cadaveric samples. Human tcell leukemia virus type 1 htlv 1, the first human retrovirus to be discovered, is present in diverse regions of the world, where its infection is usually neglected in health care settings and by public health authorities. Serological study of trypanosoma cruzi, strongyloides. Performance characteristics have not been established for other specimen types i. An analysis of the transfusiontransmitted viruses study. Mothertochild transmission can be reduced by screening pregnant women so infected. Virus type ii htlvii in human serum plasma, and cadaveric samples.
Guidelines for counseling persons infected with human tlymphotropic virus type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii centers for disease control and. I infection in the kagoshima district, japan, a highly endemic area for htlv. The elecsys htlviii assay is a quick assay time, 18 min, onestep doubleantigen sandwich assay, and the simplicity of the methodology and speed of the assay offer clear benefits in terms of the number of samples that can be processed by a testing facility within a given time. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv testing lab tests online. Request for testing donor testing laboratory 701 sw 39th st. Biosafety directive for human immunodeficiency virus hiv and human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1, and related simian retroviruses. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human tlymphotrophic virus, types i and ii summary. Htlv 1 is widespread in the tropics and subtropics. Alphabetical list of licensed establishments including product approval dates as of 30jun2019.
Most individuals who are infected do not develop an active illness, but a rare few will develop a condition related to a disorder of the tcells. Almost 20 years after its discovery, the prevalence and clinical course of human tlymphotropic virus type i htlv iassociated myelopathy ham, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis tsp remain poorly defined. I were examined in the sera of 6167 from healthy residents and patients with various hematologic and nonhematologic diseases. Biosafety directive for human immunodeficiency virus hiv. Complete nucleotide sequence of the aids virus, htlviii. These genes are expressed through alternative mrnasplicing, and many i. The human tcell lymphotropic viruses retroviruses, htlv i and htlv ii, are uncommon in the general u. In addition to being used as a manual assay, the assay is also intended for use. Sexual transmission of human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1. Human tcell lymphotropic virus type 1 htlv 1 and human tcell lymphotropic virus type 2 htlv 2 belong to the retroviridae family and the genus deltaretrovirus. Human tlymphotropic virus htlv testing is used to detect an infection by htlv i or htlv ii. Human tcell lymphotropic virus htlv testing lab tests. Management is focused on early detection and preventing the spread of htlv2 to others.
Among women, htlv i was associated with professional sex work o. Research respiratory and urinary tract infections, arthritis, and asthma associated with htlv i and htlv ii infection. Htlv1 and htlv2 share broad similarities in their overall genetic organization and expression pattern, but they differ substantially in their pathogenic properties. The human tlymphotropic viruses, type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii, are closely related but distinct retroviruses that can infect humans. Hyperendemic areas, ie, those where seroprevalence is higher than 15% in the. Since it is usually asymptomatic in the beginning of the infection and disease typically manifests later in life, silent transmission occurs, which is. No cure or treatment exists for human tcell leukemia virus, type 2 htlv2.
Htlv2 appears to be much more prevalent than htlv1 in this population in north america and europe, presumably because of an epidemic in the 1960s and 1970s. And now, its connected to the adobe document cloud. Htlv1 infection and disease with special reference to the. Transfusion of blood components from a donor with human t. Human tlymphotropic virus type 1infected cells secrete.
Whereas the causative association of htlv i and hamtsp is generally recognized, controversy still surrounds the relationship between htlv ii. Highly active antiretroviral treatment against stlv1. Tedla et al suggested that organ procurement organizations and transplant programs should determine local prevalence to guide screening efforts. Adobe acrobat reader dc software is the free global standard for reliably viewing, printing, and commenting on pdf documents. Recommendations for counseling persons infected with human. Pseudotyping of hiv1 with human tlymphotropic virus 1. Human tlymphotropic virus type ii htlv ii is a crucial retrovirus that is closely associated with a variety of human diseases. Guidelines for counseling persons infected with human tlymphotropic virus type i htlv i and type ii htlv ii annals of internal medicine. At present, there are no antiretroviral drugs that inhibit incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into newlysynthesized virus particles.
The assay uses welldefined antigens derived from htlv i and htlv ii immunodominant proteins. Assuming 22 500 htlv i infected people and a lifetime risk of 15%, 1 the number of cases of adult t cell leukaemialymphoma observed each year 10 falls within the expected range 422. Mothertochild transmission of human tcell lymphotropic. Skin manifestations include dryness, scabies and infective dermatitis.
Risk assessment of htlviii transmission by tissuecell. Human tcell leukemia virus type 2 genetic and rare. Human t lymphotropic virus type i htlv i is the etiologic agent of adult t cell leukemialymphoma and htlv iassociated myelopathytropical spastic paraparesis hamtsp. Human t lymphotropic virus type i htlvi proviral load. Reactivity in either or both of these duplicate tests i. It is intended for screening individual human donors, including volunteer donors hole blood and blood components,of w and other. Immunopathogenesis and neurological manifestations.
264 170 933 193 193 1045 875 290 1014 511 555 677 424 431 432 958 1200 1387 1403 574 31 987 711 1438 748 671 530 1147 718 1081 385 1014 217 890 211 188 287 1260 585 1218 1017 459 171 771 469 1097 663 1342